What is a silent killer in an animal
4 Silent Killers of the Natural World
Some of the most deadly creatures out there arent the largest, the most threatening looking or even have the biggest teeth. Some of the most deadly parts of the world of nature are those things that you might look at and thinkoh sure, THATS going to hurt me?
You can avoid the tigers of the world, not visit the places where the cobra lies in wait, or even avoid the ocean so that the Great Whites cant come near, but what if we told you about a few nondescript creatures that dont seem at all threatening, but will end your life in as little as a hour?
These most deadly of beings can end your life in devastating rapidity, with barely any warning at all.
4) The Poison Dart Frog
That gorgeous little guy that you see featured on so many animal sites, cute and unassuming looking, can truly give you a real shock. Doesnt he just remind you of a gorgeous little gem?
Lift him for a closer look and in moments you can be dead. A second of curiosity can kill. He has no bite, he doesnt sting you, and he has no fangs to deliver a devastating poison into your system but all the same, youre going to be sorry you picked him up. Nothing but that shiny substance that coats his jewel-toned body to deliver the toxins that will leave you gasping for breath and wishing youd ever seen him.
Native tribesmen use that lovely shiny substance to coat their darts. With a single dart, animals fall prey to their deadly touch and become lunch. While the poison dart frog doesnt want to eat you, it makes very little difference. Youre going to be part of the forest floor in no time once you handle this beautiful beast.
3) The Cone Snail
Beautifully colored and a real temptation for the traveller to the beach, getting your hands on one of these lovelies can see you dead in less than five minutes.
The happy beachcomber sees the shells lying on the sand and doesnt it look just the perfect gift to take home? The shells are bright and beautiful, perfect for keepsakes of that trip to the seashore.
The little animal inside however has another idea; suddenly with no warning, no hiss or growl, you feel a single sharp jab and the small barb that lives inside the cone snail injects you with a neurotoxin that has proven to be the most poisonous substance that exists in the world today.
The burning pain spreads slowly as this potent toxin takes over your system. These tiny predators can even shoot their venom though a glove, a wetsuit, or protective coverings you may be wearing.
The venom works quickly, paralyzing you completely. The pain passes, and a blessed numbness enters, as you begin to breath slower and your heart begins to fail, both will cease entirely in a matter of minutes.
There is in fact an antivenin available for the cone snail but death often takes place in under five minutes. Unless youre carrying that in your jacket pocket or holding it in your hand, chances are excellent that youre not going to get it in time. These little guys are used to develop weapons by the CIA and not without good reason. It seems a fast and efficient method of eliminating your enemies.
2) The StoneFish
There are worse things it seems in the depths of the beautiful blue ocean than the Great White Sharks or the Tiger Sharks that frighten sunbathers and swimmers with their circling fins in all the best movies. This one is barely worth a second look. Hes not at all spooky and has no large teeth or even a big fin to warn you of his presence, but all the same, hes probably more deadly.
The Stonefish is a hider who lies on the bottom of the sea waiting for the next victim to come along. One wrong step, one single tread is all it takes to leave you wishing you were home again and not in the sunny seas.
That single step that carries you over the back of these deadly killers is going to have you in nearly immediate agonizing pain while you wait for the end. The back of the stonefish is loaded with spines, each of which offers enough venom to kill you in minimal time, but is death really the worst of it? Some say no. There are reports of those who beg to have their hand or foot removed because the pain is more than they can bear. Even though the venom will kill you in a matter of hours, some say that is far too long to live with the pain of the sting that youve just received.
The next silent killer is so completely nondescript that youre probably not going to notice him at all. Beautiful butterflies come from the fuzzy little caterpillars that we all played with as children, but some of them arent quite as friendly as they might seem
1) The Lonomia Caterpillar
Caterpillars are pretty things arent they? But not all are friendly or touchable. The next time youre tempted to lift up one of these hairy little things and show him to your kids, consider the caterpillar of the Lonomia moth.
These lie in wait, showing up minimally against the trunk of a tree and are responsible for several deaths each year. Lay your hand on one or two and you will be dosed with one of the most potent anticoagulants around. In fact so potent that medicine is researching it as you read.
The effect of this sting is named Lonomiasis which will make your bloodcells break down and unable to clot. Death can come from internal haemorrhage, kidney failure or simply hemolyzed blood. Not exactly a pleasant way to go. The next time you consider picking up that cute little hairy thing think again!
Some of the most powerful and deadly predators arent always those which make noise or a slither to alert you to the fact that you are in close proximity. Some of the most deadly and most horrific ways to die come with no warning at all.
Most Dangerous Animals on Earth
Most Dangerous Animals on Earth
Whats the difference between a house cat and a lion? The number of humans it kills each year. If you werent expecting that answer, then buckle up. Were interested in learning about the worlds deadliest animals. These creatures come in all shapes and sizes. Who knew something as small as a rock could wipe out a group of adults?
Were ranking the most dangerous animals based on how many human attacks or deaths per year they cause. We want to know what features make the animal so dangerous: Is it a venomous poison? A sharp sting? Or piercing fangs? Here are the 35 deadliest animals on the planet.
And watch out: Humans encounter these creatures more often than they think!
35. Moray Eel
Humans Killed Per Year: 0
Where They Can Be Found: Warm waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans
Notable Features: Long bodies without scales
Note: Some of the animals on this list are dangerous for attacking humans, not necessarily killing them. While that information is difficult to find for each animal, we included the number of attacks or deaths per year that each individual animal caused when we could find that information.
What Makes Them So Dangerous
The moray eel tends to hang out in tropical seas. They have thick, scaleless skin and sharp teeth that enable them to inflict serious wounds on their prey, including humans, when disturbed. People eat Moray eels in some areas of the world, but their flesh can be toxic and cause illness or death if not prepared properly.
Its cousin, the electric eel, discharges 300 to 650 volts when it feels threatened. Human deaths by both eels are extremely rare but can happen.
34. Golden Poison Frog
Humans Killed Per Year: Unclear
Where They Can Be Found: Colombia
Notable Features: Bright yellow coloring
What Makes Them So Dangerous
The golden poison frog is considered one of the most toxic animals on Earth. To put it in perspective, it packs enough venom to kill 10 adults. Its unclear how many humans have died from an encounter with a poison dart frog. But its venomous characteristics make it one of the worlds deadliest animals.
It gets its name from the indigenous people of Colombia who tipped their darts and blowguns with its venom before hunting. For an animal to be considered poisonous, it must be toxic to eat. The golden poison frog keeps its toxins in glands beneath its skin, so any human or animal that takes a bite would be in serious trouble.
33. Stonefish
Humans Killed Per Year: 0
Where They Can Be Found: Coastal waters of Australia, Indonesia and India as well as a few species in the Caribbean and Florida Keys
Notable Features: Have similar looks to a rock or part of a reef
What Makes Them So Dangerous
Stonefish are the worlds most venomous fish. They fool their prey (humans included) by camouflage as they blend in with reefs and the bottom of the ocean floor. They have 13 spines along their back, and each spine has a gland that holds venom.
If a person steps on or kicks a stonefish, the venom is released, and the person (or other aquatic enemies) is up for a painful and sometimes fatal ride. Stonefish are particularly dangerous to divers and swimmers in Australia. These days, there is a stonefish anti-venom, so there havent been many deaths per se by stonefish in recent years.
32. Blue-Ringed Octopus
Humans Killed: 3 people (in total that have ever been recorded)
Where They Can Be Found: Australia, Japan, Philippines and India
Notable Features: Blue rings on its body
What Makes Them So Dangerous
While most octopus squirt ink as their line of defense, the blue-ringed octopus dispenses a deadly poison enough to kill 26 humans within minutes. Despite its power, this marine creature is only the size of a pencil and can be spotted by the noticeable blue rings on its body.
If you were to hold it in the palm of your hand (please dont!), it would bite you and inject tetrodotoxin, a deadly toxin also found in pufferfish. Its unlikely that youll encounter these killers as they tend to hide in dark crevices about 165 feet underwater.
31. Komodo Dragon
Humans Killed: 4 people (in total that have ever been recorded)
Where They Can Be Found: Komodo Island and Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia
Notable Features: Shark-like teeth, clawed feet, 10 feet in length
What Makes Them So Dangerous
Komodo dragons are the worlds largest lizards, growing 10-feet long and weighing about 150 pounds. In recent years, komodo dragons have become somewhat of a tourist attraction in Indonesia. Komodo National Park invites tourists to see this large lizard in its natural habitat. But these prehistoric monsters look as vicious as they are komodo dragons have killed four people over the past 33 years. The last fatal attack occurred in 2009.
Komodo dragons have a powerful bite packed with venom that delivers toxins that inhibit blood clotting. Trauma from the bite, bacteria from the komodo dragons mouth and rapid blood loss contribute to their ability to kill prey (humans included).
30. Cone Snail
Humans Killed: About 36 people (in total that have every been recorded)
Where They Can Be Found: Tropical, warm waters
Notable Features: A cone-shaped shell with blotchy orange coloring
What Makes Them So Dangerous
The cone snail may look harmless, but it is a deadly marine mollusk to humans and fish. It has a fatal venom thats not intended to harm humans, but when it does, it starts with paralysis, then induces a coma and eventually leads to death.
Deep-sea divers know of the hazards of an innocent-looking cone snail, as their habitats are the tropical and colorful waters of the Red Sea, Caribbean Sea and the Indian Ocean. The cone snail has killed about 36 people over the years.
29. Alligator
Humans Killed Per Year: 0-1
Where They Can Be Found: Florida
Notable Features: A long body with thick scales and bony plates
What Makes Them So Dangerous
Alligators look feisty, yes, but they dont kill as many humans as you may think. While Florida averages about seven unprovoked alligator attacks per year, there have been only 25 fatal alligator attacks since 1948, according to the Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission.
If you see an alligator, dont feed it. Not only is it illegal, but it teaches them to associate people with food. We dont want that!
28. Hyena
Humans Killed Per Year: 0-2
Where They Can Be Found: Africa
Notable Features: High-pitched laugh
What Makes Them So Dangerous
No one wants to encounter a hyena, and they generally avoid humans. But in certain parts of Africa, hyenas have been known to attack villages.
Hyenas are scavengers known for their high-pitched laugh and dog-like features. Theyre vicious mammals that invoke a mixture of fear and aversion in some folks (likely thanks to The Lion King).
27. Bear
Humans Killed Per Year: About 1-3
Where They Can Be Found: Every continent except Australia
Notable Features: Extra-large, furry animals that walk on all fours
What Makes Them So Dangerous
Bears are not as scary as they may seem. OK, they are scary-ish (come on, theyre kinda cute), but not as deadly as other animals. In fact, many are skittish and have been compared to giant squirrels.
The polar bear is one of the more aggressive bear species, while the black bear and grizzly bear take the crown for most human attacks. Bears get a terrible rep for attacking humans in forests or national parks, which is understandable because we are intruding on their natural habitat. Its important to keep in mind that bears are surprisingly fast and very curious.
26. Pufferfish
Humans Killed Per Year: 2-3 (although this number is decreasing due to increased regulations on eating pufferfish)
Where They Can Be Found: Warm waters of the Indian, Pacific and the Atlantic oceans
Notable Features: A body that inflates with spikes when agitated
What Makes Them So Dangerous
Pufferfish, blowfish and fugu fall under the same category of a fish that puffs up with spikes and stings you. But lets talk about fugu, a particular kind of pufferfish in Japan that contains a toxin more poisonous than cyanide!
But in Japan, pufferfish is a delicacy to eat. Most human deaths by pufferfish are due to the fact that its meat was not prepared properly. According to the Japanese Health Ministry, incorrectly prepared fugu is one of the most frequent causes of food poisoning in the country.
25. Spider
Humans Killed Per Year: About 6 (in the U.S.)
Where They Can Be Found: Worldwide
Notable Features: 8 legs
What Makes Them So Dangerous
Snakes and spiders seem to compete for fear in humans. Both have species that bite and inject a deadly venom. And both are silent killers.
There are more than 43,000 species of spiders around the world, but less than 30 species are known to kill humans. Spider venom is typically only lethal against small animals, not humans. And when it does kill a human, its usually the result of an allergic reaction. There are about six spider deaths each year in the United States.
24. Shark
Humans Killed Per Year: 6
Where They Can Be Found: Every ocean on the planet
Notable Features: Sharp teeth and a tall dorsal fin
What Makes Them So Dangerous
Shocked that sharks are only at No. 24 on this list? While Jaws instilled an understandable fear of sharks in humans, fatal shark attacks are pretty rare. In fact, sharks aren't even the most dangerous ocean animal.
Only about 12 species are considered dangerous to humans. Great white sharks are the deadliest of all the sharks in the ocean, with 300 sharp teeth that can rip right through you.
23. Wolf
Humans Killed Per Year: 10
Where They Can Be Found: North America, Europe, Asia and North Africa
Notable Features: Resembles a dog, minus the puppy-dog eyes
What Makes Them So Dangerous
The strength of the wolf lies in the pack. These cliquey animals are ferocious, fast and territorial. Theyre most common in the woods of North America.
Its unlikely that you will actually ever confront a wolf, as they dont usually roam on walking trails. In fact, theyre scared of humans!
22. Horse
Humans Killed Per Year: 20
Where They Can Be Found: Worldwide
Notable Features: A long mane of hair on top of the neck
What Makes Them So Dangerous
People love riding horses, but unfortunately, there are about 20 horse-related deaths each year.
Its usually from people falling off the massive animal. Horses and cows killed about 77 people from 2008 to 2017 in Australia alone.
21. Cow
Humans Killed Per Year: 22
Where They Can Be Found: Worldwide
Notable Features: Black and white coloring
What Makes Them So Dangerous
Cows kill more people than sharks. There. We said it.
Cows kill about 22 people each year by kicking or trampling, which makes sense for those who have ever worked with cows on a cattle farm.
20. Ant
Humans Killed Per Year: About 20-50
Where They Can Be Found: Around the world but most commonly found in the southeastern United States
Notable Features: Fire ants are usually a light brownish-red, but their aggressiveness is their most striking difference to regular ants.
What Makes Them So Dangerous
Dont underestimate ants. There are about 12,000 species, and they all come with personality. There are 280 fire ant species around the world, and a sting from one of these killers may cause fatal anaphylaxis to people who have an allergic reaction. But most people wont react that way.
A fire ant bite is noticeable as it starts to itch immediately and then turns into a red welt.
19. Hornet
Humans Killed Per Year: About 30-50
Where They Can Be Found: Europe, Africa and North America, but the giant hornet is in Asia
Notable Features: The Asian giant hornet is about 1.5 inches in length.
What Makes Them So Dangerous
Deaths from a hornet sting are usually grouped with wasp and bee stings. But in China and Japan, something called an Asian giant hornet is a killer. As its name implies, giant hornets are, well, giant. Theyre roughly the size of a human thumb and usually invade schools or farm workers.
There are an estimated 30 to 50 deaths each year in Japan from hornet attacks. Most deaths are due to an allergic reaction to the sting.
18. Tiger
Humans Killed Per Year: About 40-50
Where They Can Be Found: Asia
Notable Features: Orange and black stripes
What Makes Them So Dangerous
If we learned anything from Tiger King, its that there are about 3,900 tigers left in the wild. (There are more than 5,000 tigers in captivity within the United States!)
Most of the wild tigers live in India. Tiger attacks are rare as they dont deliberately kill humans. Yet they kill about 40 to 50 people each year. Tiger attacks are a problem in India as a large population impedes on their natural habitat.
17. Jellyfish
Humans Killed Per Year: 40+
Where They Can Be Found: Every ocean
Notable Features: Long tentacles
What Makes Them So Dangerous
Jellyfish may not have brains, but they can kill. There are about 2,000 different types of jellyfish, about 70 of which can hurt you. For instance, the box jellyfish is a vicious killer lurking in tropical seas. It strikes with a harmful venom that causes headaches, vomiting, rapid heartbeat and pulmonary edema.
Its estimated that the box jellyfish account for 20 to 40 deaths each year in the Philippines alone.
16. Scorpion
Humans Killed Per Year: Anywhere from 10 to 1,000
Where They Can Be Found: Every continent except Antarctica
Notable Features: Two pinchers and a long tail that curls over its body
What Makes Them So Dangerous
You dont need to tell us to fear scorpions. The thought of their curled tails and pinchers makes us shutter. Scorpions are technically arachnids, like spiders, with eight legs and two central body regions. There are about 30 to 40 scorpion species that can kill you.
Scorpions are usually found in deserts but have been spotted in rainforests and the Himalayas. While all scorpions are dangerous, the one you need to look out for is the yellow deathstalker (um, what?). This killer is the most venomous scorpion and lives in the deserts of the Middle East. Scorpions are survivors, as theyve been around for millions of years. Well give them that.
15. Bee
Humans Killed Per Year: About 100
Where They Can Be Found: Worldwide
Notable Features: Black-and-yellow-striped body with a stinger in its anterior
What Makes Them So Dangerous
We often tense up when we see or hear a bee buzzing around. Rather than swat at it, let it go away on its own. Bees are responsible for killing about 100 people each year, with bee sting deaths in the U.S. rising every year.
Death is often due to an allergic reaction to the bee sting. About 80 percent of those who die of a bee, wasp or hornet sting are men, according to the CDC.
14. Deer
Humans Killed Per Year: 100+
Where They Can Be Found: North America
Notable Features: Antlers
What Makes Them So Dangerous
Now, you may be wondering why Bambi is so dangerous. Well, hes responsible for more than 100 human deaths per year due to car accidents. While its not a vicious attack, it still makes deer dangerous, especially to drivers at night.
So, why do deer freeze in the middle of the road when a car is coming at them? Photoreceptors in their retinas make them freeze when looking directly at headlights. If youre about to hit a deer honk, dont swerve, brake and stay in your lane.
13. African Cape Buffalo
Humans Killed Per Year: 200
Where They Can Be Found: Africa
Notable Features: Long thick horns
What Makes Them So Dangerous
The African Cape Buffalo may have horns that look like an 18th-century British wig, but thats what makes them so dangerous. Because of their luxurious horns and being part of the African Big Five, theyre subject to hunters.
Cape Buffalos are called Black Death because theyre an aggressive animal when wounded. In the instance of being hunted, the herd turns into a mob and charges at speeds of 35 miles per hour.
12. Lion
Humans Killed Per Year: About 250
Where They Can Be Found: Africa and India
Notable Features: Sharp teeth and a big mane of hair
What Makes Them So Dangerous
The king of the jungle is a lazy predator, yet theyre responsible for about 250 human deaths per year (although this number varies). Lions sleep about 20 hours each day, but if a human encounters a lion, its game over. The worst thing you can do is run or faint.
The lions biggest weapons are their speed, sharp teeth and the pack. FYI, never turn your back on a lion, or theyll pounce.
11. Elephant
Humans Killed Per Year: 500
Where They Can Be Found: Africa and Asia
Notable Features: A long trunk, big floppy ears and is 10 feet in height
10. Hippopotamus
Humans Killed Per Year: 500
Where They Can Be Found: Africa
Notable Features: Other than a large barrel body, it has a big mouth with large teeth and tusks.
What Makes Them So Dangerous
Hippos are extremely aggressive and territorial animals. If threatened on land, hippos can match a humans speed and kill them. They spend about 16 hours a day in the water and only leave the water to eat.
Hippos consume about 80 pounds of grass a day and weigh about 3,000 to 8,000 pounds!
9. Tapeworm
Humans Killed Per Year: 700
Where They Can Be Found: Worldwide, although risk factors include exposure to livestock, travel to developing countries and living in endemic areas
Notable Features: You wont see it if ingested, but the parasite is flat like a ribbon and can grow to be about 30-feet long.
What Makes Them So Dangerous
This small but mighty parasite is one of the worlds deadliest animals because it transmits infections called cysticercosis or taeniasis. Humans get tapeworm by eating raw or undercooked beef or pork.
Tapeworms are a silent killer, as the symptoms are usually mild or nonexistent. Eventually, this parasite causes organ function disruption, seizures, nervous system impairment and digestive block.
8. Crocodile
Humans Killed Per Year: 1,000
Where They Can Be Found: Australia, Asia, Africa and the Americas
Notable Features: A long body with thick scales and bony plates
What Makes Them So Dangerous
Crocodiles look as vicious as they are. These dinosaur-like reptiles are the eighth-deadliest animal in the world, killing about 1,000 humans each year. Of the 27 crocodile species, seven are extremely dangerous to humans.
Often confused with alligators, crocodiles are native to tropical areas of Australia, Africa, Asia and the Americas, but most human deaths occur in remote regions of Africa. The Nile Crocodile takes the crown for being the most dangerous, as its responsible for more than 300 fatal attacks on people each year.
7. Ascaris Roundworm
Humans Killed Per Year: 2,500
Where They Can Be Found: Worldwide, particularly in warm, humid climates
Notable Features: Looks like a noodle and is about 12 inches in length
What Makes Them So Dangerous
Ascaris roundworms are parasitic worms that cause an infection of the small intestine. Humans can get infected with roundworms by ingesting infective eggs. Infection happens when contaminated hands are put in the mouth or by consuming raw produce that has not been washed, cooked or peeled.
Deaths from Ascaris roundworm are more common in areas that have ineffective sewage disposal systems.
6. Tsetse Fly
Humans Killed Per Year: 10,000
Where They Can Be Found: Rural parts of Africa
Notable Features: Typical fly features with a yellowish-brown coloring
What Makes Them So Dangerous
A bite from a tsetse fly (pronounced set-si fly) is, to put it simply, unpleasant. The fly saws into your skin, transmits a disease called African trypanosomiasis (or sleeping sickness) and continues on its way.
Symptoms begin with a fever and headache and continue until the infected person becomes increasingly tired and eventually dies.
5. Assassin Bug
Humans Killed Per Year: About 10,000 to 12,000
Where They Can Be Found: North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Africa
Notable Features: A flat body with red and orange markings
What Makes Them So Dangerous
As the name implies, an assassin bug kills. It bites your skin, sucks your blood and transmits a disease called Chagas disease, which causes infection and inflammation of human tissues.
The assassin bug is ruthless to other insects as well. After it sucks its prey dry, the bug attaches the entire corpse to its back and walks around with it as a protective shield. Thats some sinister stuff!
4. Freshwater Snail
Humans Killed Per Year: Between 10,000 and 20,000
Where They Can Be Found: Africa, Asia and South America
Notable Features: While you might not see the little snail, its the size of a quarter with a pinkish brown shell.
What Makes Them So Dangerous
Death by snail is no way to die. No, they wont catch you or touch you, but they are responsible for transmitting Schistosomiasis, a disease that infects the urinary tract and intestines.
The disease spreads by contact with freshwater thats been contaminated with parasites released by the freshwater snails. The condition is most common in developing countries where people use unclean water for daily living.
3. Dog
Humans Killed Per Year: About 25,000 to 30,000
Where They Can Be Found: Worldwide
Notable Features: Dogs with rabies are usually foaming at the mouth.
What Makes Them So Dangerous
Think twice about cuddling with Spike, as hes the third-deadliest animal in the world. Dogs infected with rabies are the ones who generally kill humans.
The World Health Organization reports that dogs contribute to 99 percent of all rabies transmissions to humans. A vaccine prevents rabies, yet most of the deaths happen in rural areas of Asia, Africa or South America, where the vaccine is not always accessible.
2. Snake
Humans Killed Per Year: Different sources report anywhere from 25,000 to 100,000
Where They Can Be Found: Every continent except Antarctica
Notable Features: Each species has different features that mark them as poisonous, such as color patterns, head shape, rattle and pupil shape.
What Makes Them So Dangerous
People either love snakes or hate them. Theres no in-between. Snakes kill about 100,000 humans every year, and they attack in a variety of ways. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 600 of the 3,000 species of snakes are venomous.
Some of the most dangerous snakes live alongside people in areas where access to anti-venom and medical care is limited (such as India). Other snakes, such as pythons or anacondas, will simply squeeze and crush you to death. Oh, and all the cobra has to do is spit venom on your face to kill you.
1. Mosquito
Humans Killed Per Year: Different sources report anywhere from 725,000 to 1 million
Where They Can Be Found: Any environment, except for extremely cold weather
Notable Features: Small insects with long bodies, legs and antennae
What Makes Them So Dangerous
You may want to douse yourself in bug repellent after reading this. Mosquitos are responsible for more than 830,000 deaths per year. And, unfortunately, that makes sense. Mosquitos not only leave an itchy bite, but they are also carriers of illnesses and diseases, including Zika, malaria, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and yellow fever all of which are fatal.
But lets lighten this up a little bit! The best thing you can do to avoid a mosquito bite? Wear the smelly mosquito repellent (DEET is the strongest) and decorate your home with citronella candles for a romantic, protective touch.